If you experience a distortion or blurring of images at all distances -- nearby
as well as far -- you may have astigmatism. Even if your vision is fairly sharp,
headache, fatigue, squinting and eye discomfort or irritation may indicate a slight
degree of astigmatism. A thorough eye examination, including tests of near vision,
distant vision and vision clarity, can determine if astigmatism is present. Astigmatism
is not a disease nor does it mean that you have "bad eyes." It simply means that
you have a variation or disturbance in the shape of your cornea.
Astigmatism is one of a group of eye conditions known as refractive errors.
Refractive errors cause a disturbance in the way that light rays are focused
within the eye. Astigmatism often occurs with nearsightedness and farsightedness,
conditions also resulting from refractive errors.
What causes astigmatism?
Astigmatism usually occurs when the front surface of the eye, the cornea, has
an irregular curvature. Normally the cornea is smooth and equally curved in all
directions and light entering the cornea is focused equally on all planes, or
in all directions. In astigmatism, the front surface of the cornea is curved more
in one direction than in the other. With the cornea's shape more like that of
an American football or rugby ball than a basketball, the light hitting the more
curved surface comes to a focus before that which enters the eye through the less
curved surface. Thus, the light is focused clearly along one plane, but is blurred
along the other so only part of anything being looked at can be in focus at any
time.
This abnormality may result in vision that is much like looking into a distorted,
wavy mirror. The distortion results because of an inability of the eye to focus
light rays to a point.
Why are corneas shaped differently?
Not all corneas are perfectly curved, just as sets of teeth are seldom perfectly
aligned. The degree of variation determines whether or not you will need corrective
eyewear. If the corneal surface has a high degree of variation in its curvature,
light refraction may be impaired to the degree that corrective lenses are needed
to help focus light rays better.
The exact reason for differences in corneal shape remains unknown, but the
tendency to develop astigmatism is inherited. For that reason, some people are
more prone to develop astigmatism than others.
How does astigmatism affect sight?
The clear cornea is situated at the very front surface of the eye and enables
light to enter the eyeball. The cornea accomplishes about four-fifths of the refractive
work needed for clear vision, bending light rays into a point. The crystalline
lens, located behind the cornea, further refines the refractive work begun by
the cornea and directs the point of light toward a precise location on the retina,
known as the fovea. If light is not focused into a fine point on the fovea, the
image that reaches the retina cannot be clearly transmitted to the brain and a
blurred image is perceived.
When astigmatism is present, the surface of the cornea is distorted instead
of spherical. It is unable to focus light rays entering the eye into the fine
point needed for clear vision. At any time, only a small proportion of the rays
are focused and the remainder are not, so that the image formed is always blurred.
Usually, astigmatism causes blurred vision at all distances.
Who develops astigmatism?
Astigmatism is very common. Some experts believe that almost everyone has some
degree of astigmatism, often from birth, which may remain the same throughout
life.
Of interest to parents and those who work with children, astigmatism may contribute
to poor schoolwork but is often not detected during routine eye screening in
schools.
How is it diagnosed?
Astigmatism is diagnosed in the course of a thorough eye examination.
How is it treated?
If the degree of astigmatism is slight and no other problems
of refraction, such as nearsightedness or farsightedness, are present, corrective
lenses may not be needed. If the degree of astigmatism is great enough to cause
eyestrain, headache, or distortion of vision, prescription lenses will be needed
for clear and comfortable vision.
The corrective lenses needed when astigmatism is present are called "Toric"
lenses and have an additional power element called a cylinder. They have greater
light-bending power in one axis or direction than in the others. Precise tests
will be made during your eye examination to determine the ideal lens prescription.
Astigmatism may increase slowly over time. Regular eye examinations can help
to ensure that proper vision is maintained. | 